Symptoms and signs of sugar for diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is an insidious disease in which an increase in blood glucose content is observed.When digesting foods, carbohydrates and proteins, they decompose to simple sugar and amino acids.The liver converts all sugar and some of the amino acids into glucose, which is used as a source of energy with each body of the body.Glucose enters the blood in insulin cells, hormone produced by the pancreas (an organ -shaped organ located under the stomach).Attaching to receptors on the surface of the cell membrane, insulin promotes the advancement of proteins that carry glucose from the depth of the cell to its surface, where they are connected to glucose and transport it to the cell.With diabetes mellitus, this process occurs several interference: insulin production with a pancreas can be partially or completely disturbed or the body body may be unable to respond effectively to the normal amount of insulin.

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disease and is found in two forms: diabetes of the first type or “insulin dependent” and diabetes of the second type or “insulin dependent”. In the first type of diabetes, also known as juvenile diabetes, the pancreas produces a small amount of insulin or not produces it.

This type of diabetes suddenly develops and is most often found in people under 30;The average age of its beginning of its development is between 12 and 14 years.However, diabetes of the first type is only 5 % of all diabetes cases.The second type of diabetes, also known as adult diabetes, is much more common.In this type of diabetes, insulin pancreatic production is only slightly reduced, but cells are not able to respond effectively to insulin, so this disease is considered as insulin resistance.Diabetes of the second type usually starts in degree and affects people over 40 and especially complete people, one of the risk factors is older than 50 years.Occasionally, in adults, diabetes of the first type can be observed.

The main causes of diabetes development are: hereditary predisposition, pancreatic disease, eating too much (read - overload the same pancreas, liver and gastrointestinal tract), excessive use of simple carbohydrates (sugar, sweets, jelly, cakes, chocolate and more), animal fats, alcohol.In some cases, diabetes mellitus may occur due to mental trauma, poisoning or intoxication (including medications).

With both types of diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to the release of glucose in the urine, which is accompanied by an increase in urine production.If a patient with diabetes of the first type is prescribed the wrong amount of insulin, excessive ejection of fatty acids of adipose tissue will lead to the overproduction of ketone bodies in the liver.The accumulation of ketone bodies can cause a condition that threatens life known as diabetic ketacitosis.Sometimes diabetic ketacitosis can be found in patients with second type diabetes during periods when the body experiences a strong tension, for example, during a severe infectious disease.

People with second type diabetes are susceptible to another threatening disease of life, known as non -hyperosmotic state not of molery, characterized by extremely high blood sugar levels.This disease is usually found in older people with any other severe disease.An attack of diabetic ketacitosis or a hyperosmotic state may be the first sign of diabetes.

People with diabetes may also suffer from low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) if they administer a lot of insulin during treatment.

After 10 to 20 years of diabetes, patients may have complications, for example, visual impairment, kidney damage and peripheral nervous system degeneration (neuropathy).Strict control over blood glucose content may stop or prevent the appearance of these complications.Loss of touch in the legs can lead to the fact that the damage will be left without attention and the infection will occur.

Symptoms

What signs can you say that you have diabetes or indicate that there is the danger of your occurrence?

• Excessive and frequent urination (every hour).Awakening at night to urinate.The body, in order to get rid of excess sugar, emits it through the kidneys in the urine.
• The strong thirst or greater need to drink many liquids.It is caused by the fact that the level of glucose increases in the blood, which "takes" the fluid of the tissues, the tissue is dehydrated.Therefore, patients are forced to drink a lot: 2-3-5 liters per day or more.
• Skin itching and genitals.
• Dry mouth.
• Low wound healing.
• At first, a large weight, reducing -later due to a violation of food absorption, especially carbohydrates.
• Reducing immunity - frequent banal flu infections and pneumonia colds.
• Sometimes the disease is preceded by "strange" conditions: as a result of forced hunger in the short term or after intensive physical activity, headache, pale, praise sweat and general weakness.As soon as a person ate, he drank at least one cup of sweet tea, all symptoms pass quickly.Indirectly, this may indicate pancreatic malfunction: insulin has entered the blood more than usual, and the level of sugar has decreased below units of level 3-3.5 permitted.
• Increased appetite.
• Weight loss not contained.
• Poor vision.
• Fatigue and weakness.
• Frequent or constant infections of bladder, skin or gums.
• Numbness and tingling on the legs and hands.
• Signs of hypoglycemia.
• Strong symptoms of a hyperosmotic non -monetary state: extraordinary thirst, lethargy, weakness, confusion of consciousness, coma.
• Strong symptoms of diabetic cetoacidosis: nausea and vomiting, shortness of breath, confusion, coma.

The symptoms described are observed in 40-90% of patients with diabetes long before diagnosis.But there are also "no -human" symptoms, whose occurrence leads to an increase in blood sugar:

The skin gradually becomes dry, wrinkled, palm trees and rude soles, peeling, nails thickening, dry and brittle, at the ends is growing and disappears completely on the skin, due to a decrease in general immunity, pustular rashes, boils, carbanels, relapse, appear in the need to test sugar in the blood.Often the skin is affected by fungi, eczema, lichen.

1. The appearance and progression of vascular disorders - the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, angina pectoris, memory decreases (the brain vessels suffer);
2. Diabetic changes in bloody lower vessels (retinopathy), vision reduction;
3. Reduction of renal function (nephropathy, pyelonephritis);
4. Diabetic foot (“legs in cold burning and heat crushing” - a violation of blood supply to the lower ends);
5. Sometimes character (mental disorders) changes;
6. One of the signs of diabetes is the lesion of gums - periodontitis, bleeding, blue gums and teeth start to drag themselves, sometimes leaving their cool places without pain.
7. Diabetes mellitus affects the glands of internal secretion.Men lose interest in women, they are reduced not only by libido, but also by power.In women, the menstrual cycle is "lost", it turns out that menstruation disappears completely.

This is why diabetes mellitus is called endocrine exchange disease with pancreatic lesion, characterized by an increase in blood sugar and a violation of all types of metabolism in the body.

In diabetes mellitus, antiabet, hidden mellitus diabetes and diabetes (explicit) are distinguished.The latter manifests itself in light, moderate and severe severity.

With pre -santiabet, hidden diabetes and light diabetes, nutrition is the only therapeutic factor.And with medium and severe shapes - a necessary condition for successful treatment and maintaining an acceptable quality of life.

In addition, people with diabetes are more susceptible to the narrowing of the coronary arteries and narrowing of the blood vessels that provide the brain and legs.The combination of infectious leg diseases and the reduction of blood supply can lead to gangrene (death of the tissue), which requires amputation.

Diabetes treatment of the first type requires one to four daily injections of insulin.(Insulin cannot be taken orally as digestive juices destroy it.) In addition, it is necessary to observe a diet and exercise so that blood glucose levels are not too high or very low.For second type diabetes, a combination of diet, exercise and weight loss can be used, although medications (including insulin) are also generally necessary.Treatment depends largely on self -control.Although there is no means to cure diabetes, almost all patients are able to control symptoms and lead a complete service life.

• The first type of diabetes is an autoimmune disease that occurs as a result of an erroneous attack of the immune system in pancreatic cells that produce insulin.
• With second can diabetes, genetic factors are important.
• Excessive integrity makes people predisposed to the development of diabetes of the second type.
• Some medications, such as diuretic corticosteroids or tiazids, may increase the risk of developing second type diabetes.
• Other diseases, such as hemochromatosis, chronic pancreatitis, kushing or acromegaly syndrome, can lead to diabetes.Surgical removal of the pancreas can also cause diabetes.
• Pregnant women may develop diabetes, which usually disappear after delivery.These women risk developing second type diabetes in the future.
• Contrary to the existing opinion, the use of a large amount of candy does not contribute to the development of diabetes.

The general principles of nutrition in diabetes are reduced to simple rules.

The caloric content of the diet should be reduced to 2000-2200 kcal, reducing the consumption of simple carbohydrates: sugar, cakes, ice cream, chocolate, sweets, jam, pasta, rice, honey and similar products.Black bread, vegetables, vegetables, fruits are complex carbohydrates (except bananas, grapes, watermelon), and their consumption is allowed within normal boundaries.Seafood are useful due to the high-quality high quality proteins and minerals contained in them, in particular the component required for insulin production.Beans in zinc content, so necessary for patients with diabetes, and copper is a champion among vegetables.The use of beans reduces thirst and in the presence of concomitant atherosclerosis with a violation of heart rate - restores the normal pace!

It is recommended to eat 3-4 times a day.Among meals, drink water.It should be limited by daily sodium salt intake up to 10 g, animals and vegetable fats - to 50 g, and reduce the consumption of high fat dairy products (cheese, ice cream, cream, sour cream), meat, sausages, smoked spots, chocolate, cakes, dumbbell, caviar, brain, gibes and powder.

Prevention

• To prevent the development of second type diabetes, you should lose weight if your weight exceeds the standard by more than 20 % and maintain normal weight.
• Exercise regularly.
• There is no well -known way to prevent diabetes from the first type.
• People with any type of diabetes should go regularly to ophthalmic examination for early detection and treatment of visually impaired diabetes.

Diagnosis

• Medical history and physical examination can give a basis for the assumption of the presence of the disease.
• The diagnosis can be done if an empty stomach blood test shows high levels of glucose (126 mg/dL or higher) at least twice.
• When test results are ambiguous, a sample about glucose tolerance can be done.The patient drinks a drink containing 75 g of glucose and then blood glucose content is measured every 30 minutes for two hours.
• Urine analysis can be taken to determine the protein content.
• Measure blood glycogemoglobin;It shows the average blood glucose content in the last two to three months.

For diabetes of the first type:

• Daily insulin injections are required.It takes one to four daily injections to control the blood glucose level.There are long action medicines and fast action, and they are often prescribed in a combination.
• A strict diet and a dining schedule are needed to maintain the desired level of blood glucose.Your doctor may recommend foods with low fat, salt and cholesterol and can advise you to visit a nutritionist for food planning.
• Since exercise and insulin reduce glucose levels, exercise and insulin introduction should be designed so that their effect is not applied and does not cause a dangerous decrease in blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
• A harsh injection schedule, eating exercises and exercises for proper disease control is required.

For second type diabetes:

• It is necessary to use low fat and low calorie foods in combination with the correct performance of the exercise to control weight.
• Oral drugs may be explained to increase insulin pancreatic production if exercise and diet do not suffer sufficient blood glucose.
• Other oral medications may reduce insulin resistance or decrease sugar absorption from the intestine.
• Insulin injections may be required for strong attacks from the second type of diabetes or if a patient with second type diabetes has any other disease.

For both types of diabetes:

• Blood tests are required to measure glucose levels one to four times a day (depending on the doctor's recommendation).Your doctor will advise which device can be used at home to measure blood sugar.
• Special attention should be given to the development of atherosclerosis as it is often combined with diabetes.Diabetes patients should not smoke, should eat low fat, cholesterol and salt and take medications for high blood pressure or high cholesterol.
• People with diabetes should drink a large amount of water when they are sick with another disease, for example, to fill the lost liquid and prevent coma diabetic.During the disease, people with first type diabetes should check the urine for the bodies of Keton every four to six hours.
• People with diabetes should take care of their feet and check them every day.Diabetes nerve damage reduces leg sensitivity, and minor damage can lead to the development of serious infectious diseases.
• Laser photocoagulation to prevent tiny blood vessels in the eye can help prevent or cure diabetic retinopathy.Most diabetes patients need to check their eyes with an ophthalmologist at least once a year to detect the first retinopathy manifestations.
• Dialysis, the process of artificial blood filtering, may be necessary for renal failure.In severe cases, a kidney transplant may be required,
• The clear control of blood glucose level retains or prevents subsequent complications that affect the eyes, kidneys and nervous system.
• Kidney damage can be slow when controlling blood pressure.

When you need a doctor

• Contact your doctor if you notice a sudden or gradual increase in a direction of hunger, thirst or increase the amount of urine produced.
• Contact your doctor if you are sick with diabetes and at the same time fell ill with a dripping nose or flu, which took blood sugar levels.Do not use the medicine sold without a prescription without consulting a doctor.
• Attention!Call an ambulance if a patient with diabetes loses consciousness.Tell the doctor that a person is sick of diabetes.
• Attention!(In the second type of diabetes.) Immediately, call the ambulance if you have symptoms of a non -hyperosmotic marine state;They include severe thirst, lethargy, weakness and confusion.
• Attention!(In the first type of diabetes.) Immediately, call the ambulance if you have symptoms of diabetic cetoacitosis;They include dry, dry and red, sweet or smell -smelling mouth, difficulty breathing, vomiting and abdominal pain in combination with excessive urination and severe (or without) thirst.
• Attention!(With the first type of diabetes.) Take a doctor immediately if the presence of ketone bodies and measures prescribed by your doctor is found in the urine, do not help deal with the problem.